In the Malaria Section we work on malaria drug resistance, molecular epidemiology, molecular evolution, pathogenesis, HIV-malaria interactions and clinical trials of malaria drugs and vaccines. We do laboratory and field research on the molecular mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of resistance to antimalarial drugs, particularly the antifolate drugs and chloroquine. Plasmodium falciparum malaria resistant to these drugs is already widespread in much of South America and Asia, and chloroquine resistance is responsible for large increases in malaria morbidity and mortality in Africa. Our team has developed rapid molecular assays for parasite mutations that cause the parasite to be resistant to specific drugs for use as public health tools for monitoring resistance in malaria-endemic areas. In collaboration with colleagues at the University of Mali, we have developed a field research site in the Dogon Country of Mali. This field station is the site of studies of drug resistance, pathogenesis and immunology of severe malaria, and clinical trials of malaria vaccines. In Malawi we work on clinical trials of malaria drugs, molecular epidemiology of drug resistant malaria and the impact of antimicrobial use on antimalarial drug resistance in persons living with HIV. We recently reported that chloroquine sensitive malaria had returned to Malawi 12 years after chloroquine was withdrawn. At the Center for Vaccine Development in Baltimore, we study the impact of genetic diversity on malaria drug and vaccine efficacy using high-throughput genotyping and mathematical modeling. We work with scientists in Africa, Asia and South America to train junior scientists and build research capacity in malaria-endemic countries.